Department of Geography

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A Geographical Study of Women Migrant Workers of Salcete and Ponda Talukas
(Konkan Geographers Association of India, 2023) Nemikal, Vijaya; Rath, Prabir Kumar
Labour migration has become a common phenomenon in today's world. Within India, migrants from rural areas move move to urban areas for better employment opportunities and better wages. However, women and men are differentially placed in availing these opportunities. Though migration is higher in males than females, the role of female migrants cannot be overlooked. The study focuses on unskilled and low skilled women migrant workers of Salcate and Ponda talukas, who have migrated along with their spouses to Goa from other states of India. It focuses on their employment and income, their contribution to the family income, status in family and society and the impact of Covid 19 pandemic on them. The study has used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using questionnaire cum schedule from 67 female migrant workers using purposive sampling. The analysis suggested that the female migrant workers belong mostly to the productive age group. Though the income eamed by these women is low, it has proved as a notable contribution in the life of these migrants. There is no negative impact on their children and other family members due to their employment. They are also a part of decision making in their family as a result of their contribution to the family income. They maintain a healthy relation with their employers and are paid according to the nature of the work they perform. They find healthy relationship with ther colleagues at work. Most of the female migrant workers stay in rented accommodation consisting of one room and kitchen and a common toilet outside the house. The female migrant workers were highly impacted by the Covid 19 pandemic and related lockdown. Most of the female migrant workers lost their jobs due to lockdown and the others nad to face a reduction in their monthly salaries. They managed their household expenses by taking loans and using ther past savings. They fear the impact of Covid 19 may recur and consider it as a major threat to their employability, occurs again in future.
Coastal Regulation Zone and Human Intervention: A Case Study of Salcete Taluka, Goa, India
(National Association of Geographers India (NAGI), 2024) Deshpande, Tanvi; Pardeshi, Sudhakar
Coasts are the zone of various importance both naturally and economically. Goa is a famous tourist destination where most of the tourism is concentrated in the coastal areas. Though, it has economically benefited State’s economy but on the other hand, has given rise to haphazardous development within the coastal regulation zone which is threatening the fragile coastal ecosystem. The present study has attempted to highlight the human intervention along the coastal zone of Salcete taluka in South district of Goa. To study the human interference along the coast, two methods were implemented: i) sand dune profiling using dumpy level and ii) shoreline change analysis in Arc GIS software. About 14.65 km length of the shoreline of Salcete taluka shows accretion at Utorda, patches between Betalbatim and Colva, Sernabatim and Benaulim, Mobor and Betul. While 12.35 km length of the shoreline shows erosion along the beaches of Betalbatim, Colva, Benaulim, Varca and Cavelossim. Erosion might be associated with the interference of human in form of tourism and other activities taking place along the beach. The overall study stresses upon the problems due to human intervention and urgent need to formulate rules and policies to regulate, prevent and restore the fragile coastal ecosystem from further devastation.
Domestic waste disposal practices and awareness about its impacts on environment and human health in an islandic village: Akhada-St. Estevam in Goa
(ACS Publisher, 2025) Halankar, Richa; Naik, Neethu; Rath, Prabir Kumar
Effective domestic or household waste management is crucial for environmental sustainability and public health. Improper disposal practices lead to adverse sanitation, pollution, disease outbreaks and ecosystem degradation. This study examines waste disposal practices and awareness level among the households in a selected village in Tiswadi taluka of Goa. While residents show high awareness of the harmful effects of improper waste management, a significant gap exists between knowledge and action. Factors such as poor recycling habits, lack of infrastructure for waste disposal and limited public education contribute to this issue. By analysing household behaviours and perceptions, the study aims to recommend strategies for improving waste management practices and enhancing community health and sustainability. Improper waste disposal continues to pose significant environmental and public health challenges contributing to pollution, fear of disease outbreaks and the degradation of ecosystems. This study evaluates household waste management practices, awareness levels, and perceptions among 60 respondents from a selected village. Data collection was facilitated through structured questionnaires and findings were analysed using tables and visualized through pie charts created in Microsoft Excel to better understand patterns and trends. A majority of respondents reported suffering from allergies due to waste exposure, and many experienced infectious diseases, highlighting immediate health threats stemming from poor waste management. The study also found that while several respondents consistently separated waste, a considerable number displayed inconsistent segregation practices. Daily waste disposal was commonly observed among households, reflecting regular management efforts; however, recycling habits remained poor, with most respondents rarely recycling and none reporting frequent recycling. Many individuals reused plastic bags, which is a positive trend, yet harmful practices like burning plastic and dumping in water bodies still persist among a minority. The findings suggest that there is lack of confidence in local government initiatives and poor recycling support. The study recommends strengthening institutional waste management support, expanding public education initiatives focused on sanitary and household waste disposal, improving waste segregation facilities and promoting community engagement to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice. Addressing these issues is crucial to ensuring sustainable development in the studied communities.
First record of Metopograpsus cannicci Innocenti, Schubart and Fratini, 2020 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Grapsidae) from India
(Lorestan University, Iran, 2021) Bhat, Mithila; Patel, Krupal J.; Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N.
Metopograpsus cannicci Innocenti, Schubart and Fratini, 2020 is distributed in the Red Sea, Iran, along the East African coast, Seychelles, Madagascar, and Mauritius. The present paper reports this species for the first time from India indicating its eastward extension.
Gender, migration and informal employment: A study of migrant women in Salcete Taluka, Goa
(Sardar Patel Institute of Economic and Social Research, 2024) Nemikal, Vijaya; Rath, Prabir Kumar
This study explores the working and living conditions of migrant women laborers engaged in unskilled and low-skilled jobs in Selecte Taluka, Goa, India, with a particular focus on how these conditions intersect with issues of employment, employability, and education in urban settings. The research has two primary objectives (1) to analyze the working and living conditions of migrart women labourers, and (2) to examine how these conditions relate to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in the context of employment and gender equality. The study utilizes primary data collected through a questionnaire-based survey of 380 migrant women labourer's, with purposive sampling, supplemented by personal interviews for deeper socio-economic insights. The findings indicate that the majority of these women occupy casual and temporary positions, predominantly as domestic workers and factory laborers. In terms of living conditions, many reside in overcrowded and inadequate rented accommodations, often lacking proper sanitation and waste disposal facilities. By linking these issues to the SDGs, the study highlights the critical gaps in employment opportunities, educational access, and gender-based discrimination that migrant women face These challenges exacerbate then vulnerability, reinforcing the cycle of poverty and limiting their upward mobility. The paper emphasizes the need for targeted policy interventions that enhance economic security and employability for migrant women, with a focus on vocational training, educational opportunities, and formai iabour rights. Addressing these "missing links" is essentral not only for improving the living and working conditions of migrant women but also for fostering a more equitable and sustamable urban environment in line with India's development goals.
Impact of Eco-Tourism on Locals in Sattari Taluka - Goa
(Konkan Geographers Association of India, 2023) Rane, Siddhi Chandrakant; Nemikal, Vijaya
Ecotourism is an enlightening and participatory travel experience to natural and cultural environments, which is beneficial to all tourism role players. Ecotourism is newly emerging form of tourism in Goa. The eastern part of Goa covering the Western Ghats has a long stretch of forests. Some areas of these forests are used for eco tourism. The Sattari taluka situated in the Western Ghats section of Goa also has a few important eco tourism sites. It is pertinent to study about the locations of these eco-tourism sites situated in forested areas of Sattari Taluka of Goa, and the positive and negative impact they have on the local population. The paper also focuses on the impact of eco tourism on environment of Sattari taluka. The study also focuses on different factors responsible for the growth of ecotourism. The study includes both primary and secondary data sources. The study area includes 9 famous eco-tourism sites, among which 4 eco-tourism sites are flourishing due to their locational setting, natural environment, hospitality, publicity through social media, etc. Majority of employees working at eco-tourism sites are locals whereas only few are migrants. Only 6.6 percent of the local employees are residing within the vicinity of 2 km from the sites while others are from nearby villages. Eco-tourism site helps in overall development of area in terms of roads, establishment of shops and services. This sites influences establishment of small scale businesses like catering services, grocery shops etc. which promotes self employment among the youth. This area shows developing trend in terms of services like public transport and overall development of the region. Younger age group shows positive feedback towards the development of farms while older age group people believes that this type of tourism brings westem culture to rural area and it may takes over the original traditions of region in future. Majority of the locals believe that there is no destruction of environment while a few opine that there is the environment has been modified.
Labour Migrants in Hotel Industry of Coastal Stretch of Pernem Taluka
(Konkan Geographers Association of India, 2023) Naik, Siddhi; Nemikal, Vijaya
Goa is one of the top tourist destinations in the country. This erstwhile Portuguese colony is the best known for its serene beaches which attracts the tourists in the world. The evolution and development in tourism industry has created thousands of jobs, developed the infrastructures of the place, and helped in cultural exchange within the country, in between regions and the locals. Goa having a long stretch of coastal belt from north to south experiences a great scope for beach tourism and also hotel industry. The emergence of hotel industry in the Pernem Taluka has also led to infrastructural development, hospitality services, connection of interior rural areas to city regions and overall up gradation of the region. These hotels, paying guesthouses and star hotels, cater to the influx of indian and international tourists all through the year. The months of December and January mark the peak tourist season in the state. The study showcases the working conditions of labour migrants working in the coastal belt of Pernem Taluka of Goa. It focuses on understanding the situations and conditions of the labour migrants working in the hotel industry. The study emphasizes on the demographic and occupational structure of labour migrants, factors responsible for their migration and the socio-economic status of labour migrants, and the future plans and prospects of the labour migrants. The study shows that most of the migrants who are working in the hotel industry are from Northern states of India and 75 percent of the total migrants have migrated alone leaving their families at the place of origin. 61.67% percent of the migrant workers are working as permanent workers while the others are seasonal workers who work during the peak time of tourist arrivals from the month of October to March. The hotel industry attracts most of the migrants belonging to productive age group. The factors responsible for their migration are lack of employment at the place of origin since the education qualification is also low. Majority of the migrants working in the hotel industry are engaged in low skilled jobs like housekeeping, kitchen assistant, helper, or in service sectors as bar teriders, waiters, etc. Some of the employees are given a separate accommodation which is provided by the employer with good sanitation and other basic facilities. whereas some of them are staying at the work place in a shared one room kitchen. Majority of the migrants are working longer hours in a day and hardly get time to interact with locals, hence their relation with locals is poor and are unable to have a social life at the current place of residence. The study also shows that majority of the migrant labourers are unfamiliar with the Goan culture. Majority of the migrants labourers are willing to live and work in Goa while the rest are unsure about their future plans.
Mangrove Ecosystem Mapping using Sentinel-2 and Segmentation Technique
(Kalpana Corporation, 2023) Deshpande, Tanvi; Kerkar, Pravina
Mangroves are important forest ecosystems located between land and sea. They act as storehouses of biodiversity, carbon assimilators, help in nutrient cycling and provide breeding grounds for various organisms. The present study was carried out with the aim to estimate the current mangrove cover in various estuaries of Goa. The objective of the paper is to map and record the current distribution and density of mangroves using remote sensing data and geospatial techniques. The study incorporated use of OBIA segmentation technique to delineate and map mangroves. Kappa coefficient and accuracy assessment were carried out for validation, the results for which showed strong level of agreement. From the results, it was found that the mangrove cover in Goa has increased to 53.32 km2. Largest mangrove cover exists in Mandovi-Zuari-Cumbarjua estuarine complex, consisting of 81.25% of mangrove cover in Goa. The increase in mangrove cover can be associated with natural regeneration. Further, NDVI was calculated to study the density of mangroves. Considering the densitywise mangrove distribution, area under dense mangrove category is 10.13 km2 (18.99%), area under moderate dense category is highest, that is 36.99 km2 (69.37%) and area under sparse category is 6.2 km2 (11.62%).
Mangrove-Associated Molluscan Diversity along Chapora and Sal Estuaries of Goa, West Coast of India
(2024) Bhat, Mithila; Ravinesh, R; Padate, Vinay; Rivonker, Chandrashekher
The estuarine shores of Goa feature diverse habitats, including mangroves, sandy, muddy and rocky shores, which support a variety of molluscan assemblages. The present study is an attempt to provide baseline data on the molluscan fauna from the mangrove-associated regions of the Chapora and Sal estuaries in North and South Goa respectively. Intertidal sampling at two selected stations each in Chapora and Sal estuaries were carried out during low tide at monthly intervals from April 2016 to March 2017. The survey revealed a total of thirty-five species belonging to thirty genera from two classes (Gastropoda and Bivalvia), thirteen orders, and twenty-three families of molluscs. Thirteen species including seven species of gastropods and six species of bivalves were recorded for the first time from Goa. The family Veneridae with the commercially important bivalves Pelecyora katiawarensis, Meretrix aurora, M. casta, Marcia opima, M. recens formed the most speciose group. Cassidula nucleus and Platevindex martensi were found on the trunks and roots of mangroves, whereas Indian backwater oyster Magallana bilineata and the hooded oyster Saccostrea cucullata were commonly found at all the four locations. Littoraria pallescens was typically found on the leaves and roots of mangroves especially on the Rhizophora spp. The micro gastropod Optediceros breviculum recorded from the mangrove associated muddy habitats was one of the new records to Goa. It is imperative that the updated database is an integral part of the taxonomy to strengthen the molluscan database. Further, continuous monitoring is necessary considering rapid coastal development and associated rise in pollution.
Redescription of Pseudograpsus intermedius Chhapgar, 1955 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Varunidae) from India
(Magnolia Press, 2022) Ng, Ngan Kee; Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N; Bhat, Mithila
The identity of Pseudograpsus intermedius Chhapgar, 1955 (Varunidae), a crab species found in mangrove habitats of India is clarified. The re-examination of the holotype male and examination of fresh specimens collected from Goa State, India, revealed that P. intermedius shows significant morphological differences from the generic characters of Pseudograpsus. As such, a new genus Chhapgarus n. gen. is established for the species.
Socio-Economic Profile, Work Environment and Concerns of Inter-State Migrant Women Workers in Ponda Taluka of Goa
(Indian Association for the Study of Population, 2025) Nemikal, Vijaya; Rath, Prabir Kumar
This study brings out the status and expe-riences of women migrant labourers in Ponda Taluka, shedding light on their living and working conditions. It has investigated the multifaceted challenges these women face at the place of des-tination. An assessment has been done to under-stand the treatment these women receive from locals, colleagues and employers to gauge their social status and its impact on their overall con-ditions. The study reveals that a significant pro-portion of this category of workers is employed in low-wage but have high- demand within domestic and manufacturing sectors. The housemaids and factory workers comprise nearly 68% of the work-force. The predominance of temporary and ca-sual work arrangements, which account for 89.4% of the workforce, underscores issues of job secu-rity and income instability. Despite a substan-tial portion earning above Rs. 6000 per month, challenges persist regarding housing affordabil-ity and job stability. Most workers reside in rented accommodation with high rent and subop-timal housing quality. Social relations show gen-erally respectful treatment from employers and colleagues, though disparities exist, with exces-sive working hours correlating with poorer treat-ment. It is crucial to enhance job security, offer better housing options and foster positive work-place relationships which could significantly ben-efit this vulnerable segment of the workforce.
Socio-Economic Status Of Migrant Women Labour Force In Goa: A Literature Based Analysis
(IRBE Publication, 2020) Nemikal, Vijaya; Rath, Prabir Kumar
Goa is one of the most economically prosperous states of India. Many migrants flow in to Goa from various parts of India to seek employment. Since rural areas people faced the problem of lack better employment opportunities in the villages, they migrate to urban areas where they expect to get productive employment. Though male migrants outnumber females the role played by women migrants cannot be overlooked. Women have migrated to Goa either with their spouses, or independently and they have taken up jobs on various levels of hierarchy from unskilled, casual work to highly paid and highly skilled jobs. The study focuses primarily on low skilled and unskilled jobs taken up by the female migrant workers in different sectors of economy in Goa. It tries to identify the socio-economic status of the migrant women labour-force. It is seen that the female migrants have migrated as associational migrants along with their spouses. They take up jobs as domestic helps, labourers in construction industry and helpers in factories and shops. They earn a low income but nevertheless contribute equally in household expenses and savings. Their social status gets enhanced as they are economically independent which also results in an enhanced autonomy in the family. They are able to make household decisions. They face a major challenge as they have to keep a balance between their household responsibilities and also focus on their jobs. With the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic situation and the sudden lockdown announced in the country,thestatusoftheiremployment has come to a standstill. Majority of the migrant women have lost their jobs and their income has stopped. After the commencement of special trains many migrated back to their native place.
Spatio-temporal analysis of shoreline and migration of mangroves- A case study of Mandovi and Zuari estuaries including Cumbarjua Canal, Goa (2002-2022)
(World Researchers Associations, 2024) Deshpande, Tanvi; Kerkar, Pravina
Mangroves are halophytes that are usually found in the inter-tidal regions in tropical and subtropical regions. Lush green and prominent patches of mangroves are found in Goa, especially in the Mandovi-Zuari-Cumbarjua estuarine complex. The present study aims to assess the shoreline changes along the selected estuaries of Goa and to study the landward migration of mangroves. OBIA Segmentation techniques have been implemented to map mangrove ecosystems over 20 years. From the spatio-temporal analysis (2002-2022), landward migration of mangroves has been observed in the selected estuaries-Mandovi and Zuari including Cumbarjua canal. To further understand the landward migration of mangroves, shoreline analysis has been carried out using DSAS tool. DSAS analysis has been carried out with respect to EPR as it is easy for computation and requires shorelines of two time periods for analysis. From shoreline analysis, it has been understood that the accretion rate is dominant over the erosion rate. Overall, it has been observed that there is accretion and landward migration of mangroves, which can be attributed to the landward shift of mangroves irrespective of rise in sea level if there is availability of adequate sediment and landward space. Also availability of sediments resulting from heavy rainfall and runoff leads to sedimentation and allows growth of mangroves.
Women emigration and its impact on their families in Goa : A case study of Usgao village
(Bangalore University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 2020) Pereira, Daffnie; Afonso, Arina; Nemikal, Vijaya; Rath, Prabir Kumar
Emigration is the relocation of the people from one country to another. In last two decades or so, increased number of woman migrants has gone abroad. In India, female migration is closely interconnected with the male migration indicating that women accompany men after marriage. In Goa, migration of women to industrialized developed countries and the Middle East countries is on the rise mostly to the United Kingdom followed by the countries of Middle East. The study was conducted to determine emigration of women and its impact on the life of their families left behind in Usgao village of Dharbandora Taluka of Goa. The study is carried out using primary data obtained from administration of questionnaires and personal interviews supplemented by secondary data. Women emigration has prevailed in the age group of 20- 45 years, which comprises of both married and unmarried woman. Low wages in the home country and the demand for female labour in the foreign countries offering high wages are the main push and pull factors of international migration of women from the study area. Women emigration has added income level of the family and has enhanced the standard of living among the emigrating families. It has left its drawbacks such as emigration of women has made the life of the children and the elderly members of the family difficult as the migrant women used to take care of all the members of the family in general and children and elderly in particular in addition, they were handling all the household affairs of the family. Emigration of women thus, has increased women’s access to economic resources and has improved their autonomy and status but its negative impact on the families is significant.
Women Migrant Workers In Urban Areas Of Ponda Taluka, Goa: An Empirical Study
(Itihasacharya V. K. Rajwade Sanshodhan Mandal, 2024) Nemikal, Vijaya; Rath, Prabir Kumar
Labour migration has become a common phenomenon in today's world. Within India, migrants from rural areas move to urban areas for better employment opportunities and better wages. However, women and men are differentially placed in availing these opportunities. The study focuses on unskilled and low skilled women migrant workers in the towns of Ponda taluka in Indian State of Goa, who have migrated along with their spouses to Goa from other states of India. It throws light on the reason for their migration to Goa, their demographic characteristics, employment and income parameters and most importantly, the reasons for choosing to work in Goa. The study has used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using questionnaire cum schedule from 70 female migrant workers using purposive sampling method while the secondary data have been obtained from official sites of Govt. of Goa and Govt. of India. The analysis revealed that the female migrant workers belong mostly to the economically productive age group. The income earned by these women is low but it is a notable contribution in their life. Majority of the women are employed as casual low-paid workers consisting of housemaids, factory workers, civil construction workers, etc. Their working hours differ depending upon the type of work. Majority of the women are working to support their family income. Feasible solutions and action plans have been given in the paper based on the responses of the stake holders and the on-going policies of the state and central governments from time to time.

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